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Executive summary

The Saharan quadrangle on the edge of rupture

Libya · Chad · Sudan · CAR — 15 July 2026 — 5 min read
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The security architecture of central Africa has given way. Sudan's war is no longer contained within its borders: it now supplies four states at once with weapons, fighters and predatory economies, while the international response is funded at 16% of what it asks for.

15.3Mpeople uprooted in Sudan in 2026: 9.3M internally displaced and 4.9M refugees (UNHCR)
2.2Muprooted people hosted in Chad, including some 936,000 Sudanese refugees since April 2023
≈ $860Min gold taken from Darfur mines alone by the RSF in 2024 (UN panel of experts)
16%of the Sudan humanitarian response plan funded by mid-2026, out of $2.9bn required

What we observe

  • Darfur has become a hub, not a front. The corridor supplies weapons and fighters to theatres more than a thousand kilometres away, from the Libyan Fezzan to Vakaga in the Central African Republic.
  • Bilateral border arrangements have failed. Drone strikes on Tiné, the occupation of Am-Dafock by the Alliance du sursaut patriotique and the attack on Erendeguè showed as much within a few weeks.
  • The war economy has replaced the fiscal economy. Gold in Chad and Sudan, diamonds in CAR since the Kimberley embargo was lifted in November 2024, oil as leverage in Libya.
  • Outside interference is stacking up. The Russian Africa Corps, Ukrainian support, Emirati funding: external conflicts are being replayed on Saharan ground.
  • Famine is setting in. Entire areas of Sudan and eastern Chad are classified at IPC phase 4, some at phase 5.

What we recommend

States in the region

Replace community militias with professional border guards and maintain strict neutrality towards foreign belligerents.

Financial institutions (World Bank, IMF)

Support national budgets, Chad's first, conditional on anti-corruption measures and the economic integration of refugees.

United Nations and NGOs

Focus advocacy on IPC phase 4 and 5 areas, and strengthen civilian protection and the prevention of gender-based violence.

Donor countries and the European Union

Extend targeted sanctions to transnational smuggling networks and block conflict gold on trading hubs, Dubai first among them.

Sources: UNHCR (Global Appeal 2026, Chad portal), OCHA (Sudan HNRP 2026), UN panel of experts on Sudan, IPC / WFP, IPIS, IMS field research. Commission a bespoke note